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A & B CUTTING. A method of assembling
original material in two separate rolls, allowing optical
effects to be made by double printing (A and B Printing).
A OR B WIND. When a roll of 16mm film,
perforated along one edge, is held so that the outside
end of the film leaves the roll at the top and toward
the right, winding "A" should have the perforations
on the edge of the film toward the observer, and winding
"B" should have the perforations on the edge
away from the observer. In both cases, the emulsion
surface should face inward on the roll.
ADDITIVE COLOR. Color mixture by the addition
of light of the three primaries, red, green, and blue.
ADO (Ampex Digital Optics). Trade name
for digital effects system manufactured and sold by
Ampex.
ADVANCE. The separation between a point
on the sound track of a film and the corresponding picture
image.
AGC (Automatic Gain Control). A circuit
that automatically adjusts audio or video input levels.
ANALOG. An electrical signal that is continuously
variable.
ANIMATIC. Limited animation consisting
of art work shot and edited to serve as a video tape
storyboard. Commonly used for test commercials.
ANAMORPHIC. An optical system having different
magnifications in the horizontal and vertical dimensions
of the image.
ANSWER PRINT. The first print combining
picture and sound submitted by the laboratory for the
customers' approval.
APERTURE. Effective Aperture: The apparent
diameter of a lens viewed from the position of the object
against a diffusely illuminated background, such as
a sky. Picture Aperture: The rectangular opening in
a metal plate at which each frame of the motion picture
film is situated during exposure, printing, or projection.
Relative Aperture: The ratio of the focal length of
a lens to its effective aperture for an object located
at infinity. See f/number.
ASA. Exposure Index or speed rating that
denotes the film sensitivity, defined by the American
National Standards Institution. Actually defined only
for black-and-white films, but also used in the trade
for color films.
ASSEMBLY EDIT. An edit wherein all existing
signals on a tape, if any, are replaced with new signals.
(See also Insert Edit)
AUTO ASSEMBLY. Process of assembling an
edited video tape on a computerized editing system,
controlled by an edit decision list.
B
BACKING. Anti-halation Backing: A temporary, dark-colored,
gelatin coating which is sometimes applied to the rear
side of a photographic plate or film to reduce halation
by absorbing any light that may pass through the emulsion.
Non-Curl Backing: A transparent, gelatin coating, sometimes
applied to the opposite side of a photographic film
from the emulsion to prevent curling by balancing the
forces that tend to curl the film as it is wet and dried
during processing.
BASE. The transparent, flexible support,
commonly cellulose acetate, on which photographic emulsions
are coated to make photographic film.
BI-PHASE. Electrical pulses from the tachometer
of a telecine, used to update the film footage encoder
for each new frame of film being transferred.
BLANKING. Portions of the video signal
during which both camera and receiver complete a scan
line (horizontal blanking) or field (vertical blanking),
and retrace to begin the next scan.
BLEACH. (1) Converting a metallic silver
image to a halide or other salt which can be removed
from the film with hypo. When bleaching is not carried
to completion, it is called reducing. (2) Any chemical
reagent that can be used for bleaching.
BREAK-DOWN. The separation of a roll of
camera original negative into its individual scenes.
C
CAMERA LOG. A record sheet giving details of the scenes
photographed on a roll of original negative.
CELL SIDE. The base ('Celluloid') surface
of a strip of film.
CHANGE-OVER. In projection, the act of
changing from one projector to another, preferably without
interrupting the continuity of projection; or, the points
in the picture at which such a change is made.
CHECKER-BOARD CUTTING. A method of assembling
alternate scenes of negative in A and B rolls allowing
prints to be made without visible splices.
CHROMAKEY. Electronically matting or inserting
an image from one camera into the picture produced by
another Also called "keying." The subject
to be inserted is shot against a solid color background.
Signals from the two sources are merged through a special
effects generator.
CHROMINANCE. The color portion of a video
signal.
CINCH MARKS. Short scratches on the surface
of a motion picture film, running parallel to its length;
these are caused by improper winding of the roll, permitting
one coil of film to slide against another.
CINEMASCOPE. Trade name of a system of
anamorphic widescreen presentation.
CINEX STRIP. A short test print in which
each frame has been printed at a different exposure
level.
COMPOSITE PRINT. A motion picture print
with both picture and sound on the same strip of film.
COLOR BURST. Sample of the color sub carrier
inserted into the horizontal blanking interval at the
start of each line of video.
COMPONENT VIDEO. System of signal recording
and processing that maintains the original video elements
separately rather than combined (encoded) into a single,
composite signal.
COMPOSITE VIDEO. A video signal in which
the luminance and chrominance elements have been combined,
as in NTSC, PAL and SECAM.
CONTRAST. (1) The general term for describing
the tone separation in a print in relation to a given
difference in the light-and.shade of the negative or
subject from which it was made. Thus, "contrast"
is the general term for the property called "gamma"
(Y), which is measured by making an H & D Curve
for the proces under study. (2) The range of tones in
a photographic negative or positive expressed as the
ratio of the extreme opacities or transparencies or
as the difference between the extreme densities This
range is more properly described as "scale"
or "latitude" (3) The ability of a photographic
material, developer, or process as a whole to differentiate
among small graduations in the tones of the subject.
CONTROL TRACK. Electronic sprocket holes
recorded on video tape to guide the heads and control
tape transport during playback.
CRI. Color Reversal Intermediate, a duplicate
color negative prepared by reversal processing.
CROSS MOD. A test method for determining
the optimum print requirements for a variable area sound
track.
CURL. A defect of a photographic film
consisting of unflatness in a plane cutting across the
width of the film. Curl may result from improper drying
conditions, and the direction and amount of curl may
vary with the humidity of the air to which the film
is exposed.
CUTTING. The selection and assembly of
the various scenes or sequences of a reel of film.
D
D-1. Component video in the 19 mm digital cassette format.
D-2: Composite video in the 19 mm digital
cassette format,
D-3: Composite video in the half-inch
digital cassette format.
D-5: Component video in the half-inch
digital cassette format. (There is no D-4 format.)
DAILIES. The first positive prints made
by the laboratory from the negative photographed on
the previous day.
DENSITY. The negative logarithm to the
base ten of the transmittance (or reflectance) of the
sample. A sample which transmits 1/2 of the incident
light has a transmittance of 0.50. or 50% and a density
of 0.30.
DECIBEL: A unit of measure applied to
both sound and electrical signals, based on a logarithmic
scale. Also referred to as "db's."
DIGITAL: A system whereby a continuously
variable (analog) signal is broken down and encoded
into discrete binary bits that represent a mathematical
model of the original signal.
DISSOLVE. A transition between two scenes
where the first merges imperceptibly into the second
(Lap Dissolve: Mix).
DROP FRAME: A type of SMPTE time code
designed to match clock time exactly. Two frames of
code are dropped every minute, on the minute, except
every tenth minute, to correct for the fact that color
frames occur at a rate of 29.97 per second, rather than
an exact 30 frames per second (see Non-Drop Frame).
Designed to drive editors crazy.
DUBBING. The combination of several sound
components into a single recording.
DUPE, DUPE NEGATIVE. A duplicate negative,
made from a master positive by printing and development
or from an original negative by printing followed by
reversal development.
DVE (Digital Video Effects): Special effects,
such as picture compression, rotation, reversal, etc.,
performed with a digital effects system. Also, the trade
name for a video system manufactured by NEC.
E
EBERHARD EFFECT. Another manifestation of adjacency
effects. A series of photographic line images of various
widths, all exposed with equal intensities. As the lines
become narrower, the concentration of reaction products
is reduced, and thus the narrower lines develop to a
higher density than do the wider lines. This effect
would be expected to continue with successive narrowing
until one reached the width of the spread function of
the system, including film, used to expose the line.
Beyond this point, the effects of the spread function
of the system dominate, and light scattering decreases
the true light exposure in the film, but the size of
the image is not smaller than the spread function of
the system.
EBR (Electronic Beam Recorder): Exposes
film directly using an electronic beam compared to recording
from a CRT. (See also Kinescope.)
EDGE NUMBERS. Numbers printed along one
edge of a motion picture film outside the perforations
to designate the footage.
EDIT SYNC (LEVEL SYNC) (EVEN SYNC). The
relation between the picture and sound records during
editing, when they are in alignment and not offset as
for projection.
EDL (Edit Decision List): List of edits
prepared during off-line editing prior to on-line editing.
EMULSION, EMULSION LAYER. (1) Broadly,
any light-sensitive photographic material consisting
of a gelatin emulsion containing silver halide together
with the base and any other layers or ingredients that
may be required to produce a film having desirable mechanical
and photographic properties (2) In discussions of the
anatomy of a photographic film, the emulsion layer is
any coating that contains light sensitive silver halide
grains, as distinguished from the backing, base, substratum,
or filter layers.
ENCODER: A circuit that combines the primary
red, green and blue signals into a composite video signal.
EPR (Electronic Pin Register): Stabilizes
the film transport of a telecine. Reduces ride (vertical
movement) and weave (horizontal movement). Operates
in real time. (See also Steady Gate.)
F
f-NUMBER. A symbol that expresses the relative aperture
of a lens. For example, a lens having a relative aperture
of 4.5 would be marked: f/4.5.
FADE. An optical effect in which the image
of a scene is gradually replaced by a uniform dark area,
or vice versa.
FAST. (1) Having a high photographic speed.
The term may be applied to a photographic process as
a whole, or it may refer to any element in the process,
such as the optical system, emulsion, developer. (2)
Resistant to the action of destructive agents. For example,
a dye image may be fast to light, fast to heat, or fast
to diffusion.
FIELD: One-half of a television frame,
containing all the odd or even scanning lines of the
picture.
FILTER LAYERIn a photographic film, a
thin, uniform, colored layer that is coated above or
below the emulsion to serve as a light filter; it controls
the spectral quality of the light reaching the emulsion.
FIXING. The removal of unexposed silver
halides from the film during processing.
FLAT. An image is said to be "flat"
if its contrast is too low. Flatness is a defect that
does not necessarily affect the entire density scale
of a reproduction to the same degree. Thus, a picture
may be "flat" in the highlight areas, or "flat"
in the shadow regions, or both.
FLICKER. The alternation of light and
dark periods which can be visually appreciated.
FLUTTER. In sound, rapid period variation
of frequency caused by unsteadiness of the film or tape
drive.
FOG. Darkening of photographic film by
its exposure to undesirable light, or by poor emulsion
or improper development.
FOLEY: Background sounds added during
audio sweetening to heighten realism, e.g., footsteps,
bird calls, heavy breathing, short gasps, etc.
FOOTAGE ENCODER TIME CODE GENERATOR: An
electronic device which takes the input from a reader
of Keykode numbers, decodes this information and correlates
the numbers with the SMPTE time code it generates. These
data, along with 3:2 pull-down status of the transfer,
footage count, and audio time code (if applicable) are
made available for window burn-ins, VITC-LTC recording
and output to a computer. (See KODAK Guide to Film and
Video Post Production - Publication H-64.)
FORMAT. The size or aspect ratio of a
motion picture frame.
FRAME (FILM). The individual picture image
on a strip of motion picture film.
FRAME (VIDEO): A complete television picture
made up of two fields, produced at the rate of approximately
29.97 Hz (color), or 30 Hz (black & white).
FRAMESTORE: A digital device designed
to store and display a single television frame as a
"freeze frame." (See also Still Store.)
FREEZE FRAME. An optical printing effect
in which a single frame image is repeated so as to appear
stationary when projected.
FRONT END. General terms for all production
and preparation work up to the Answer Print stage before
Release Printing.
G
GATE. The aperture assembly at which the film is exposed
in a camera, printer or projector.
GENLOCK: A system whereby the internal
sync generator in a device, such as a camera, locks
on to and synchronizes itself with an incoming signal.
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